Fossil Creek

Location and Accessibility

Fossil Creek is located in central Arizona, approximately midway between Phoenix and Flagstaff, straddling the boundary between Coconino and Tonto National Forests. The creek flows from its headwaters near Strawberry, Arizona, to its confluence with the Verde River, dropping nearly 1,600 feet in elevation through a series of stunning cascades and pools.

Access Points

The Wild and Scenic River corridor can be accessed from two primary directions:

Strawberry (North) Access: From the town of Strawberry, visitors can reach the upper portions of Fossil Creek via Fossil Creek Road (FR 708). This route is approximately 14 miles of mostly unpaved road that can be rough and challenging in spots.

Camp Verde (West) Access: From Camp Verde, visitors can reach the lower portions of Fossil Creek via Fossil Creek Road (FR 708) coming from the west. This route is approximately 16 miles long with sections of rough dirt road.

It’s important to note that access to Fossil Creek is strictly regulated through a permit system from April 1 through October 31 due to its popularity and the need to protect its fragile ecosystem. Permits must be obtained in advance through the Recreation.gov website or by calling the reservation system.

Road Conditions and Transportation

Both access roads to Fossil Creek are unpaved for significant portions and can be rough and difficult to navigate.

• High-clearance vehicles are recommended for both routes, especially after rain events
• Roads may be impassable during winter months due to snow or mud
• There is no public transportation to Fossil Creek; visitors must arrive by private vehicle
• Cell phone service is extremely limited or non-existent throughout the area
• During high-use periods, parking is strictly limited to designated areas specified on visitor permits

Seasonal Accessibility

Spring (March-May): Often the best time to visit with moderate temperatures and flowing water, though early spring can still see road closures from winter conditions.

Summer (June-September): The most popular time to visit with hot temperatures making water activities appealing, but also the most crowded period requiring advance permits.

Fall (October-November): Excellent visiting conditions with cooler temperatures and changing foliage colors. Early fall still requires permits.

Winter (December-February): Least crowded time with no permits required, but access roads may be closed due to snow or mud, and water temperatures can feel quite cold despite the 70°F spring water.

Natural Features and Landscapes

Fossil Creek represents a remarkable intersection of geological processes, hydrological systems, and biological diversity:

Springs and Water Flow

The lifeblood of Fossil Creek begins with its springs:

• A series of springs discharge approximately 20,000 gallons of water per minute from a deep aquifer system
• The water emerges mineral-rich, containing high concentrations of calcium carbonate and maintaining a constant 70°F temperature year-round
• Unlike many Southwest waterways, Fossil Creek maintains consistent flow throughout the year, making it extremely valuable to wildlife
• The water’s unique chemistry creates the stunning blue-green color that makes the creek so visually striking

Travertine Formations

The creek’s most distinctive geological feature comes from its water chemistry:

• Calcium carbonate dissolved in the spring water precipitates out when exposed to air, forming travertine
• This process creates natural dams, terraces, and pools throughout the creek
• Objects in the water become coated with travertine, eventually turning into “fossil-like” formations
• The travertine deposition is an ongoing process, continually reshaping the creek’s physical structure
• Some of the most spectacular formations create waterfall complexes with multiple cascades and crystal-clear pools

Riparian Corridor

The well-watered zone along the creek supports lush vegetation dramatically different from surrounding areas:

• Towering cottonwood, sycamore, alder, and ash trees create a dense canopy along the creek
• The shaded understory supports ferns, mosses, and other moisture-loving plants
• Multiple vegetation zones can be observed as the creek descends from higher elevations to its confluence with the Verde River
• Distinct microhabitats exist around seeps, springs, and backwater areas
• Seasonally blooming wildflowers add splashes of color throughout the riparian zone

Canyon Landforms

As Fossil Creek descends toward the Verde River, it carves through impressive geological formations:

• The creek flows through a deep canyon with walls rising hundreds of feet above the water
• Rock types include limestone, sandstone, and volcanic formations
• Evidence of the region’s complex geological history is visible in stratified rock layers
• Side canyons intersect with the main corridor, creating secluded grottos and habitats
• The canyon’s orientation creates varied sun exposure, supporting diverse plant communities on north and south-facing slopes

Wildlife and Plant Life

Fossil Creek supports extraordinary biodiversity, representing one of the most diverse riparian ecosystems in Arizona:

Native Fish

The creek’s restoration has been particularly significant for its fish community:

• Seven native fish species have been successfully reintroduced after restoration, making it one of the most important native fish habitats in Arizona
• Species include the threatened Gila topminnow, desert sucker, roundtail chub, and the endangered loach minnow
• Fossil Creek is one of the few waterways in Arizona where native fish comprise the dominant fish community following intensive non-native species removal efforts
• The series of pools and riffles creates varied habitat niches supporting different life stages and feeding strategies
• The clear waters make fish observation possible from the banks or while snorkeling

Riparian Wildlife

The well-watered corridor supports diverse animal life:

• Over 200 bird species have been documented in the riparian area, including zone-tailed hawks, elegant trogons, summer tanagers, and various flycatcher species
• Mammals include white-tailed deer, javelina, ringtail cats, raccoons, and several bat species
• Northern Mexican gartersnakes, narrow-headed gartersnakes, and various lizard species are common reptiles
• Several amphibian species thrive, including Chiricahua leopard frogs, canyon treefrogs, and Arizona toads
• The creek serves as a vital wildlife corridor connecting the Mogollon Rim highlands with lower Verde Valley habitats

Invertebrate Diversity

The aquatic ecosystem supports a rich community of smaller organisms:

• Numerous caddisfly, mayfly, and stonefly species indicate excellent water quality
• Dragonflies and damselflies patrol the water’s surface and surrounding vegetation
• Freshwater snails and other mollusks contribute to the creek’s biodiversity
• Aquatic insects provide a crucial food base for fish, birds, and amphibians
• Distinctive butterfly species can be observed in the riparian corridor during warmer months

Plant Communities

The vegetation around Fossil Creek reflects both its elevation gradient and water availability:

• Riparian trees include Fremont cottonwood, Arizona sycamore, Arizona alder, and velvet ash
• Understory plants feature various willow species, sedges, rushes, and riparian grasses
• Higher elevation portions include ponderosa pine and juniper influences from the Mogollon Rim
• Lower elevations show Sonoran Desert influences with saguaro, prickly pear, and desert scrub
• Several rare or sensitive plant species have been documented in the watershed
• Seasonal wildflowers include cardinal flower, columbine, monkey flower, and various penstemons

Recreational Opportunities

Fossil Creek offers diverse recreational experiences, though visitors should note that a permit system manages access during peak months (April-October):

Swimming and Water Activities

The creek’s clear, 70°F waters create ideal conditions for aquatic recreation:

• Numerous natural pools offer swimming opportunities throughout the creek corridor
• The Waterfall area, accessible by a 1.5-mile trail from the Fossil Creek Bridge, features one of the most popular swimming destinations with a 25-foot cascade entering a deep, turquoise pool
• Snorkeling provides opportunities to observe native fish and underwater travertine formations
• Cliff jumping occurs at several locations, though this activity comes with significant safety risks and is discouraged by management agencies
• Inner tubes or small portable flotation devices can be used in some larger pools

Hiking

Several designated trails provide access to key features:

Waterfall Trail (3 miles round-trip): Leads from Fossil Creek Bridge to the main waterfall area.

Flume Trail (5 miles round-trip): Follows the historic flume route used by the hydroelectric system, offering views of the creek from above.

Bob Bear Trail (formerly Fossil Springs Trail, 8.5 miles round-trip): A strenuous trail from Strawberry to the headwaters springs with 1,500 feet of elevation change.

Irving Trail (4 miles round-trip): Connects FR 708 to the creek near the historic dam site.

Creek-side informal paths connect various pools and features within the permit areas.

Camping

Overnight stays are regulated to protect the sensitive environment:

• Camping is prohibited within the Wild and Scenic River corridor (approximately 1/4 mile from the creek in either direction)
• Dispersed camping is available outside the corridor in both Coconino and Tonto National Forests, following their respective regulations
• Several developed campgrounds exist in nearby areas, including Childs Dispersed Camping Area near the creek’s confluence with the Verde River
• Backpacking is possible in adjacent wilderness areas but requires careful planning due to limited water sources away from the creek

Wildlife Viewing and Photography

The diverse ecosystems provide excellent opportunities to observe nature:

• Bird watching is particularly rewarding during spring and fall migrations
• The clear waters allow observation of native fish, particularly in calmer pools
• Early morning and dusk offer the best opportunities to see larger mammals
• The combination of dramatic travertine formations, turquoise waters, and lush vegetation creates outstanding photography opportunities
• Seasonal wildflower displays add color to the landscape, particularly after monsoon rains

Educational Opportunities

Fossil Creek serves as a living laboratory for ecological restoration:

• Interpretive signs at major access points explain the creek’s restoration story
• The visible recovery of native fish populations demonstrates successful conservation principles
• Geological processes are readily observable in the actively forming travertine deposits
• The juxtaposition of riparian forest with surrounding semi-desert landscapes illustrates the ecological concept of the “edge effect”
• Occasional ranger-led programs provide deeper insights into the area’s natural history

Historical and Cultural Significance

The Fossil Creek area contains a rich tapestry of human history spanning thousands of years:

Indigenous Connections

The creek has sustained human communities for millennia:

• Archaeological evidence indicates human use of the area dating back at least 10,000 years
• The Western Apache, Yavapai, and other Indigenous groups used the reliable water source and abundant resources
• Several tribes consider the area to have significant cultural and spiritual importance
• Grinding stones, rock art, and other archaeological evidence document extensive Indigenous presence
• Traditional plant gathering and hunting activities occurred throughout the watershed
• Many place names in the region reflect Indigenous languages and history

Hydroelectric Era

For much of the 20th century, Fossil Creek was diverted for power generation:

• In 1909, the Arizona Power Company constructed a dam and flume system at Fossil Springs
• A remarkable engineering achievement for its time, the system diverted almost all the creek’s flow through a 3.5-mile wooden flume to two hydroelectric plants
• The power generated was essential for the development of mining operations in nearby Jerome and other communities
• At the time of construction, it was the first hydroelectric system in Arizona and one of the first successful hydropower initiatives in the western United States
• The infrastructure included the dam, wooden flume (later replaced with metal), penstocks, two power plants, worker housing, and access roads
• For over 90 years, approximately 95% of the creek’s flow was diverted, leaving the streambed largely dry and drastically altering the ecosystem

Restoration Story

The creek’s modern history centers around its remarkable restoration:

• In the 1990s, growing environmental awareness led to questions about the aging hydroelectric system’s environmental impacts
• After extensive study and negotiation, Arizona Public Service (APS) agreed to decommission the power plants
• In 2005, the switch was flipped, and full water flows returned to Fossil Creek for the first time in nearly a century
• The restoration project included dam modification, non-native fish removal, native fish reintroduction, and infrastructure removal or modification
• The response of the ecosystem was dramatic and swift, with travertine formations rebuilding and native species reestablishing throughout the creek
• In 2009, Congress designated Fossil Creek as a Wild and Scenic River, ensuring its long-term protection
• The restoration project has become a model for other river restoration initiatives globally

Ranching and Settlement History

Beyond the hydroelectric development, the surrounding area has a rich pioneer history:

• Early American settlers established ranches in the vicinity in the late 19th century
• The communities of Strawberry and Pine developed to the north, while the Verde Valley settlements grew to the southwest
• Historic cattle trails and ranch structures can still be found in the broader area
• Mining exploration occurred throughout the region, though Fossil Creek itself saw limited mining activity
• The area’s remoteness preserved much of its natural character despite periodic settlement attempts

Practical Information for Visitors

Visiting Fossil Creek requires careful planning due to its popularity and remote location:

Permit System

Access is strictly regulated during peak months:

• Permits are required for all visitors from April 1 through October 31
• Permits become available one month in advance on a rolling basis and often sell out quickly
• Each permit is tied to a specific parking area, entry time, and visitor number limit
• Permits must be obtained through Recreation.gov (search for “Fossil Creek Permits”)
• A limited number of permits are available each day to prevent overcrowding and environmental damage
• During the permit season, visitors without permits will be turned away by rangers
• During non-permit season (November-March), access is still subject to road conditions and closures

Safety Considerations

The remote location presents several important safety challenges:

• Cell phone coverage is non-existent in most of the creek corridor
• Emergency response times can exceed 2-3 hours due to remote access
• Summer temperatures often exceed 100°F, creating heat illness risks
• Flash floods can occur during monsoon season (July-September), particularly in side canyons
• The rough access roads can damage vehicles and leave visitors stranded
• Cliff jumping has resulted in numerous serious injuries and fatalities
• Waterborne illnesses can occur if water is consumed without treatment
• Venomous creatures including rattlesnakes and scorpions inhabit the area
• Visitors should carry ample water (at least one gallon per person per day), even with creek access
• Medical facilities are distant, with the nearest hospitals in Payson or Camp Verde

What to Bring

Proper preparation is essential for a safe and enjoyable visit:

• Water: At least one gallon per person per day
• Food: All necessary meals and snacks
• Sun protection: Sunscreen, hat, sunglasses, and lightweight protective clothing
• Footwear: Sturdy shoes or sandals with straps suitable for rocky, uneven terrain
• First aid supplies: Basic kit including bandages, antiseptic, and any personal medications
• Navigation: Paper maps, as GPS and mobile devices may not function
• Communication: Be aware that cell phones likely won’t work; consider emergency signaling devices
• Waste bags: Pack-out bags for all trash and human waste in some areas
• Dry bags or waterproof containers for electronics
• Printed copy of your permit during permit season

Environmental Stewardship

Protecting Fossil Creek’s fragile ecosystem requires visitor cooperation:

• Pack out all trash; no waste disposal facilities exist at most creek access points
• Stay on designated trails to prevent erosion and vegetation damage
• Use established creek access points rather than creating new paths
• Keep all food, sunscreen, and insect repellent out of the water to prevent contamination
• No soap or shampoo in or near the water, even if labeled “biodegradable”
• Properly dispose of human waste according to posted guidelines (some areas have vault toilets, others require pack-out)
• No glass containers or alcohol permitted
• Observe all fire restrictions, which are frequently in place during summer months
• Consider joining volunteer cleanup events organized by various conservation groups

Best Times to Visit

Timing can significantly affect the visitor experience:

Spring (March-May): Ideal conditions with moderate temperatures, flowing water, and wildflowers. Early spring may see road closures.

Early Summer (June): Hot but manageable temperatures before monsoon season; extremely popular with high demand for permits.

Monsoon Season (July-September): Hottest months with afternoon thunderstorms; flash flood risk but also lush vegetation and fewer crowds.

Fall (October-November): Excellent conditions with cooling temperatures, fall colors in deciduous trees, and decreasing crowds.

Winter (December-February): Cold air temperatures make water activities less appealing to many, but the constant 70°F water remains warm compared to the air. Road closures are common, but permits are not required if access is possible.

Weekdays are significantly less crowded than weekends throughout the year.

Conservation Challenges and Stewardship

Despite its protected status, Fossil Creek faces several ongoing conservation challenges:

Visitor Impact Management

The creek’s popularity creates significant management challenges:

• Before the permit system, summer weekends regularly saw thousands of visitors, resulting in severe environmental damage
• Unauthorized trails, vegetation trampling, and soil erosion remain ongoing issues
• Trash accumulation requires regular cleanup efforts by volunteers and staff
• Human waste management in a remote setting poses ongoing challenges
• Social media has dramatically increased visitation pressure by publicizing the creek’s beauty
• Balancing recreational access with resource protection requires adaptive management approaches
• Educational efforts focus on building a culture of responsibility among visitors

Water Resource Protection

Maintaining water quality and quantity faces several threats:

• Groundwater pumping in the broader region could potentially affect spring flows
• Climate change models predict decreasing precipitation and increasing temperatures in central Arizona
• Upstream land management activities can affect sedimentation rates and water quality
• Increasing recreational use creates risks of contamination from sunscreen, insect repellent, and human waste
• The travertine formation process is sensitive to water chemistry changes
• Water rights adjudication in the Verde River watershed has implications for Fossil Creek

Fire Management

Wildfire presents both natural and human-caused challenges:

• The surrounding forests have experienced significant fire suppression, leading to unnatural fuel loads
• Climate change increases fire frequency and intensity
• Post-fire runoff can affect water quality through ash and sediment inputs
• The remote location complicates firefighting efforts when wildfires occur
• Prescribed burning and forest management in the watershed aim to reduce catastrophic fire risk
• Campfire restrictions are often in place but not always observed by visitors

Ecological Monitoring

Ongoing scientific research tracks the creek’s recovery:

• Native fish populations are monitored to assess restoration success
• Water quality parameters are regularly measured at multiple locations
• Riparian vegetation recovery is documented through various study methods
• Visitor impact studies inform management decisions
• Climate change effects are tracked through long-term monitoring programs
• Travertine formation rates and processes are studied by geologists

Stewardship Opportunities

Visitors and supporters can contribute to Fossil Creek’s protection:

• Volunteer for organized cleanups with various conservation organizations
• Participate in citizen science monitoring projects when available
• Follow and promote Leave No Trace principles when visiting
• Support organizations working to protect Fossil Creek and similar ecosystems
• Engage with public comment opportunities regarding management decisions
• Share knowledge about responsible recreation with other potential visitors
• Report violations or problems to Forest Service staff or through official channels

Conclusion

Fossil Creek stands as one of Arizona’s most remarkable public lands—a testament to both the power of ecological restoration and the enduring value of protecting our natural water resources. From its origins in mineral-rich springs to its confluence with the Verde River, the creek creates a ribbon of life through an otherwise arid landscape, supporting biodiversity that would be impossible without its consistent, clear waters.

The creek’s history reflects our evolving relationship with natural resources. From Indigenous stewardship to industrial utilization to modern conservation, Fossil Creek embodies the changing values of American society regarding our public lands. Its designation as a Wild and Scenic River—Arizona’s second such designation after the Verde River—ensures that future generations will continue to experience its beauty and ecological significance.

For visitors willing to plan ahead, respect the permit system, and practice responsible recreation, Fossil Creek offers experiences found nowhere else in Arizona. The combination of consistently warm, crystal-clear waters, actively forming travertine features, recovering native fish populations, and lush riparian vegetation creates a desert oasis that feels almost magical in its contrast to the surrounding landscape. In protecting and thoughtfully experiencing this special place, we participate in an ongoing story of restoration and renewal that extends far beyond the creek itself, offering lessons in conservation for watersheds throughout the American West.