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Nestled in the heart of Arizona, Coconino National Forest stands as a testament to the state’s remarkable ecological diversity. Spanning over 1.8 million acres, this vast expanse of public land showcases an astonishing variety of landscapes that defy the desert stereotypes often associated with Arizona. From the iconic red rock formations of Sedona to the alpine meadows surrounding the San Francisco Peaks, Coconino offers visitors an opportunity to experience multiple ecosystems in a single forest.
Established in 1908, Coconino National Forest has served as both a recreational paradise and a vital conservation area for over a century. The forest’s elevation ranges dramatically from 2,600 feet in the desert regions to 12,633 feet at Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona. This variation creates distinct life zones that support remarkable biodiversity, including ponderosa pine forests (the largest contiguous stand in the world), desert landscapes, alpine tundra, and riparian corridors.
For outdoor enthusiasts, Coconino represents a four-season playground offering everything from world-class hiking and mountain biking to skiing, fishing, and wildlife viewing. Cultural and historical sites throughout the forest provide windows into the human history of the region, from ancient indigenous dwellings to early European settlement. As one of the most visited national forests in Arizona, Coconino balances recreational access with conservation efforts to preserve its natural and cultural resources for future generations.
Sedona, located within the forest, is world-renowned for its vibrant red rock formations and spiritual energy. Visitors flock to Sedona to hike its trails, such as Devil’s Bridge Trail, or to experience the famous vortex sites, believed to be centers of spiritual energy. Sedona also offers opportunities for mountain biking, Jeep tours, and hot air balloon rides, allowing visitors to experience the stunning scenery from different perspectives.
The Lava River Cave, located near Flagstaff, is a fascinating geological feature formed by an ancient volcanic eruption. Visitors can hike through this mile-long underground lava tube, which provides a cool and unique experience, especially during the summer months. Bring a flashlight and sturdy shoes, as the cave floor is uneven.
In the winter, the higher elevations of the forest transform into a snowy wonderland. Arizona Snowbowl, located on the San Francisco Peaks, offers skiing, snowboarding, and snowshoeing. Cross-country skiing is also popular on forest roads and trails, providing a peaceful way to explore the snowy landscapes.
Coconino National Forest boasts an extensive network of trails that cater to all skill levels, from easy nature walks to challenging climbs. Among the most popular hikes is the West Fork Trail in Oak Creek Canyon, a picturesque 6.5-mile round-trip trail that winds along a creek beneath towering canyon walls. In Sedona, the Cathedral Rock Trail offers a short but steep climb to stunning views of Sedona’s iconic red rock formations. For those seeking high-elevation hikes, Humphreys Peak Trail leads to the summit of Arizona’s highest peak at 12,633 feet, rewarding hikers with sweeping panoramic views.
The forest’s waterways, including Oak Creek and several mountain lakes, provide excellent opportunities for fishing, wading, and relaxing by the water. Oak Creek is home to trout, while lakes like Kinnikinick Lake and Ashurst Lake offer fishing for rainbow trout, bass, and catfish. Swimming and picnicking are also popular activities at Slide Rock State Park, where natural rock formations create a fun water slide.
The forest is a popular destination for rock climbers, especially in the Sandstone Cliffs near Sedona and the Flagstaff Crags. Climbers can find routes ranging from beginner-friendly to highly technical, with stunning views as a reward for their efforts.
Coconino National Forest offers a variety of camping experiences, from developed campgrounds to dispersed camping in the backcountry. Manzanita Campground in Oak Creek Canyon is a sought-after spot, nestled along the creek beneath cottonwood trees. Pine Flat Campground, also in Oak Creek Canyon, provides a peaceful setting close to Sedona’s red rocks. For those looking to escape the crowds, dispersed camping is allowed in many areas of the forest, offering solitude and a connection to nature.
Coconino National Forest is teeming with wildlife, making it a haven for nature enthusiasts. The ponderosa pine forests are home to elk, mule deer, and black bears, while the desert areas host javelinas, coyotes, and a variety of reptiles. Birdwatchers will enjoy spotting bald eagles, peregrine falcons, and numerous songbirds. The diversity of habitats in the forest ensures a chance to see unique wildlife throughout the year.
With its remote location and minimal light pollution, Coconino National Forest is an excellent spot for stargazing. The clear desert skies allow visitors to see the Milky Way, constellations, and even meteor showers. Mogollon Rim and Sedona are particularly popular areas for stargazing due to their open views and dramatic scenery.
The forest’s landscapes are made for scenic drives. The Oak Creek Canyon Scenic Drive along Highway 89A is one of the most famous routes in Arizona, connecting Sedona to Flagstaff while offering breathtaking views of red rock cliffs and the lush canyon below. Another incredible drive is the Mogollon Rim Road, which runs along the edge of the Mogollon Rim, providing spectacular vistas of pine forests and sprawling desert valleys.
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Location | Northern Arizona, USA |
| Established | July 2, 1908 |
| Managed by | U.S. Forest Service |
| Area | Approximately 1.856 million acres |
| Primary Features | Red rock formations, ponderosa pine forests, volcanic landscapes, and high desert plains |
| Nearest Cities | Flagstaff, Sedona, and Payson, Arizona |
| Activities | Hiking, camping, mountain biking, horseback riding, climbing, off-roading, and fishing |
| Topography | Includes the Colorado Plateau, volcanic craters, canyons, and high-elevation forests |
| Popular Attractions | – Sedona Red Rocks: Famous for its vibrant red sandstone formations – Mogollon Rim: A dramatic escarpment offering sweeping views – San Francisco Peaks: Home to Arizona’s highest point, Humphreys Peak (12,633 feet) – Oak Creek Canyon: A scenic canyon with lush vegetation and hiking trails |
| Wildlife | Elk, mule deer, black bears, mountain lions, bald eagles, and an array of reptiles and amphibians |
| Vegetation | Wide range of ecosystems, including desert cacti, juniper, ponderosa pine forests, and alpine tundra |
| Climate | Varies by elevation: Lower elevations are hot and arid, while higher elevations are cooler with snow in winter |
| Wilderness Areas | Includes several designated wilderness areas, such as Red Rock-Secret Mountain, Kachina Peaks, and Fossil Springs |
| Visitor Centers | – Red Rock Visitor Center (Sedona) – Flagstaff Ranger District – Mogollon Rim Ranger District |
| Significance | Known for its striking natural beauty, diverse ecosystems, and opportunities for outdoor recreation |
| Website | Coconino National Forest – U.S. Forest Service |
Coconino National Forest encompasses a significant portion of north-central Arizona, surrounding the cities of Flagstaff and Sedona while extending from the Mogollon Rim northward to the San Francisco Peaks. The forest is divided into three distinct ranger districts, each with its own character:
The northern portion includes the San Francisco Peaks, characterized by high-elevation terrain including subalpine and alpine ecosystems. This area transitions from ponderosa pine forests to spruce-fir forests and finally to alpine tundra at the highest elevations.
The southern section features dramatic elevation changes along the Mogollon Rim, a 200-mile escarpment that marks the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau. This district showcases extensive ponderosa pine forests, rugged canyons, and numerous lakes and streams.
Perhaps the most famous region of the forest, this western district contains Sedona’s iconic red rock formations, riparian corridors along Oak Creek, and high desert ecosystems that support distinctive plant and wildlife communities.
This geographic diversity is one of Coconino’s greatest assets, allowing visitors to experience dramatic environmental transitions within relatively short distances. The forest serves as a crucial ecological corridor connecting the desert ecosystems of southern Arizona with the Colorado Plateau to the north.
Coconino National Forest offers an exceptional range of recreational activities throughout the year, making it a destination that rewards repeated visits across different seasons.
With over 900 miles of trails, Coconino provides hiking opportunities for every skill level and interest:
Kachina Trail: A moderate 5-mile route on the slopes of the San Francisco Peaks that showcases spectacular aspen groves, especially during fall colors.
West Fork Trail: One of the most popular hikes in the Sedona area, this trail follows Oak Creek through a stunning canyon with 13 creek crossings.
Humphreys Peak Trail: For experienced hikers, this challenging 9-mile round-trip climbs to Arizona’s highest point, offering panoramic views that can extend to the Grand Canyon on clear days.
Fossil Creek Trail: A strenuous hike leading to the crystal-clear waters of Fossil Creek, featuring travertine pools and waterfalls.
Arizona Trail: Long-distance hikers can experience the Coconino sections of this 800-mile route that traverses the entire state.
Backcountry camping is permitted throughout much of the forest, allowing for multi-day adventures. Wilderness areas like Kachina Peaks Wilderness and West Clear Creek Wilderness offer particularly remote experiences for those seeking solitude.
Coconino has established itself as a premier mountain biking destination with trails catering to all skill levels:
Schultz Creek Trail System: A network of flowing singletrack near Flagstaff with options for beginners to advanced riders.
Munds Wagon Trail: A historic route near Sedona offering technical challenges amid spectacular red rock scenery.
Arizona Trail: Many sections are open to mountain biking and provide long-distance riding opportunities.
Fort Valley Trail System: A variety of interconnected trails west of Flagstaff ranging from smooth and fast to technical and rocky.
The forest hosts several mountain biking events throughout the year, including the Barn Burner 104, part of the National Ultra Endurance Series.
Despite Arizona’s arid reputation, Coconino National Forest contains numerous lakes, streams, and riparian areas for water-based recreation:
Blue Ridge Reservoir: A scenic mountain lake ideal for kayaking, canoeing, and fishing, with limited motorized boating.
Fossil Creek: A designated Wild and Scenic River featuring crystal-clear travertine pools perfect for swimming during summer months (permit required).
Lake Mary (Upper and Lower): Popular fishing destinations near Flagstaff with boat ramps and facilities for day use.
Oak Creek: Offers swimming holes, fishing, and water play throughout the Red Rock district, including the famous Slide Rock State Park.
C.C. Cragin Reservoir: A high-country lake known for excellent trout fishing.
Anglers can pursue multiple trout species, smallmouth bass, pike, and other game fish throughout the forest’s waterways, with specific regulations varying by location.
When snow blankets the higher elevations, Coconino transforms into a winter recreation destination:
Arizona Snowbowl: A full-service ski resort on the San Francisco Peaks offering downhill skiing and snowboarding with 55+ runs.
Cross-Country Skiing: Designated Nordic trails in the Fort Valley area and around the Snowbowl provide groomed options for cross-country enthusiasts.
Snowshoeing: Popular around the meadows and forests surrounding the Peaks, with rentals available in Flagstaff.
Wing Mountain Snow Play Area: A designated sledding and snow play area perfect for families (when operational).
The winter season typically runs from December through April, though climate change has created more variability in recent years.
Several designated scenic byways and forest roads provide access to spectacular views and attractions:
Oak Creek Canyon Scenic Road: This 14-mile route between Sedona and Flagstaff follows Oak Creek through a dramatic canyon with numerous pullouts and recreation areas.
Mogollon Rim Scenic Road: Follows the edge of the Mogollon Rim, offering expansive views across central Arizona.
Lake Mary Road: Connects Flagstaff to the lake country of the forest’s eastern section.
San Francisco Peaks Scenic Road: Circles the base of the peaks with panoramic views of the mountain range.
Many forest roads are suitable for passenger vehicles during dry conditions, while others require high-clearance or 4WD vehicles. Visitors should always check current road conditions before venturing out, especially during winter or monsoon seasons.
Coconino National Forest’s ecological diversity creates several distinctive natural features that make it particularly special among Arizona’s public lands:
This extinct stratovolcano complex contains Humphreys Peak (12,633 feet), Arizona’s highest point. The peaks represent one of the most significant “sky islands” in the Southwest, with an isolated alpine ecosystem that harbors rare species including the threatened San Francisco Peaks groundsel, found nowhere else on Earth. The Peaks are considered sacred to many indigenous tribes, including the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples.
The Sedona area’s famous red rock formations result from layers of iron-rich sandstone and limestone exposed through millions of years of erosion. Features like Cathedral Rock, Bell Rock, and Coffee Pot Rock have become internationally recognized landmarks. These formations create unique microclimates and ecosystems where specialized plant communities thrive.
This spring-fed stream system produces over 20,000 gallons of water per minute at a constant 70°F temperature. The high mineral content creates travertine formations similar to those in Havasu Falls. After a major restoration project removed a historic hydroelectric dam, the creek has been returned to its natural state and designated as a Wild and Scenic River.
The forest contains numerous volcanic features, including Lava River Cave, a mile-long lava tube formed approximately 700,000 years ago. This natural tunnel maintains near-freezing temperatures year-round and provides visitors an opportunity to explore the results of Arizona’s volcanic past.
Oak Creek Canyon and other waterways create vital riparian zones that support dramatically higher biodiversity than surrounding areas. These corridors serve as critical habitat for wildlife and offer lush, cool environments that contrast sharply with nearby desert landscapes.
The lands encompassing Coconino National Forest have been inhabited for thousands of years, leaving a rich legacy of cultural and historical sites:
Archaeological evidence indicates human presence in the area dating back at least 12,000 years. The forest contains numerous archaeological sites, including cliff dwellings, rock art panels, and artifacts from ancestors of today’s Puebloan peoples. The V-Bar-V Heritage Site preserves one of the largest and best-preserved petroglyph sites in the region, with over 1,000 individual glyphs.
For contemporary indigenous communities, many areas within the forest hold deep cultural and spiritual significance. The San Francisco Peaks, in particular, play a central role in the cosmology and religious practices of at least 13 tribes. The Forest Service consults with tribal nations on management decisions affecting these culturally significant areas.
European-American settlement brought ranching, logging, and mining operations to the region in the late 19th century. Historic sites like Mormon Lake Lodge, early Forest Service ranger stations, and abandoned logging camps provide glimpses into this era. The forest still contains sections of historic routes like the Honeymoon Trail, used by Mormon settlers traveling between Arizona and Utah.
Coconino’s establishment in 1908 represents part of the early conservation movement in America. The forest’s designation and subsequent management illustrate changing approaches to public land conservation over more than a century, balancing resource utilization with preservation.
Each season brings different opportunities and considerations for visitors to Coconino National Forest:
Spring offers mild temperatures ideal for hiking and mountain biking at mid-elevations. Desert wildflowers and flowing streams create spectacular scenery, particularly in Oak Creek Canyon and along the Mogollon Rim. Higher elevations may remain snow-covered into May. Spring can bring unpredictable weather, with possibilities ranging from snow showers to warm, sunny days.
Summer brings warm to hot temperatures at lower elevations, making water recreation particularly appealing. The monsoon season typically begins in early July, bringing afternoon thunderstorms that can create flash flood dangers in canyons and washes. Higher elevations offer cooler temperatures perfect for hiking and camping. Summer weekends see the highest visitation, particularly in popular areas like Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon.
Many consider fall the perfect season to visit Coconino, with stable weather, fewer crowds, and spectacular foliage displays. The aspen groves on the San Francisco Peaks turn brilliant gold in late September through early October, creating one of Arizona’s most impressive autumn spectacles. Temperatures remain pleasant for hiking and outdoor activities, though nights become increasingly cool, especially at higher elevations.
Winter transforms the higher elevations with snow, creating opportunities for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. Sedona and lower elevations typically remain snow-free and offer mild winter hiking conditions, though occasional winter storms can affect the entire forest. Many forest roads close seasonally, and visitors should be prepared for winter driving conditions on highways throughout the region.
Multiple highways provide access to different sections of Coconino National Forest:
The forest maintains numerous developed recreation sites, including:
Cell service is reliable near developed areas and major highways but becomes spotty to non-existent in more remote locations.
Various permits may be required depending on planned activities:
Recreation Fee Areas: Some popular sites require a Red Rock Pass or America the Beautiful Pass, including many Sedona area trailheads.
Camping: Developed campgrounds typically charge fees and many accept reservations through recreation.gov. Dispersed camping is free and permitted in most areas but prohibited within certain high-use zones near Sedona and Flagstaff.
Fossil Creek: A permit system limits access during the busy season (April-October) to protect this sensitive ecosystem.
Hunting and Fishing: Appropriate Arizona state licenses are required, with additional regulations for specific areas and species.
Firewood Collection: Permits are required for gathering firewood and available seasonally through district offices.
Fire restrictions are common during dry periods, particularly in late spring and early summer before monsoon moisture arrives. These can range from limitations on campfires to complete fire bans. Current restrictions are posted on the forest website and at entry points.
Visitors should prepare for the specific challenges of Coconino’s varied environments:
Water: Even in forested areas, the climate remains relatively arid. Carry sufficient water for all activities (minimum 1 gallon per person per day for hiking).
Flash Floods: During monsoon season, be aware of thunderstorm risk and avoid narrow canyons when storms threaten.
Navigation: Many trails, particularly in the red rock country, cross slickrock areas where the path can be difficult to follow. Carry detailed maps and consider using GPS.
Wildlife: Mountain lions, black bears, and rattlesnakes inhabit the forest. Know appropriate responses for potential encounters.
Elevation: Higher elevations mean increased UV exposure and potential for altitude sickness. Use sun protection and acclimatize before strenuous activities.
Temperature Extremes: Prepare for temperatures that can vary dramatically between day and night, particularly at higher elevations.
Visitors can help preserve Coconino National Forest by practicing Leave No Trace principles:
The forest faces several conservation challenges, including:
Volunteer opportunities include trail maintenance projects, habitat restoration, and citizen science initiatives. The Friends of Northern Arizona Forests and Friends of the Forest (Sedona) are two nonprofit organizations that coordinate volunteer efforts.
Coconino National Forest represents the remarkable ecological diversity that makes Arizona’s public lands so valuable for both recreation and conservation. From the alpine heights of the San Francisco Peaks to the red rock wonderland of Sedona, the forest offers experiences that showcase the Southwest’s natural and cultural heritage.
For visitors, Coconino provides an accessible introduction to multiple ecosystems within a single forest system, with recreational opportunities ranging from challenging wilderness adventures to family-friendly nature walks. The forest’s proximity to Flagstaff, Sedona, and other communities makes it particularly accessible while still offering opportunities for solitude and immersion in nature.
As visitation continues to increase, the stewardship of these lands becomes ever more important. By approaching Coconino National Forest with respect for its natural systems and cultural significance, visitors can help ensure that this remarkable landscape remains intact for future generations to explore and enjoy.
Whether you come to challenge yourself on Humphreys Peak, mountain bike through ponderosa forests, fish in a high-country lake, or simply experience the tranquility of Oak Creek, Coconino National Forest offers a distinctive window into Arizona’s diverse natural world—one that defies stereotypes and rewards exploration in every season.
For current information on forest conditions, closures, and permits, visit the official Coconino National Forest website at www.fs.usda.gov/coconino or contact one of the district ranger offices in Flagstaff, Sedona, or Happy Jack.
